肯定片面共犯学说 完善共同犯罪理论/岑剑平

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肯定片面共犯学说 完善共同犯罪理论

宁波市检察院刑一处:岑剑平


犯罪的共同形态是司法实践中常见的犯罪形态之一,也是刑法理论中比较复杂的问题之一,研究犯罪的共同形态对执法工作具有重要意义。解决这一问题主要取决于各国立法关于共同犯罪的明文规定,也就是说刑事司法中的共同犯罪制度,即共同犯罪理论是各该国共同犯罪现象在法律上的反映。我国刑法第二十五条明确规定:“共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。”这就是说共同犯罪是指二人以上,在共同犯罪故意的支配下,共同实施的具内在联系的犯罪行为。据此,我国现行刑法理论将共同犯罪的构成条件述成如下三项:
一、犯罪的主观方面,必须有共同的犯罪故意。
所谓共同故意,包括下面内容:(1)共同犯罪人认识到不是自己一个人单独实施犯罪,而是在与他人共同实施犯罪,共同犯罪人之间有犯罪意图的联系或联络。(2)共同犯罪人概括地预见到共同犯罪行为的性质及其共同犯罪行为所引起的危害社会的结果。(3) 共同犯罪人皆希望共同犯罪行为奏效,发生危害社会的结果;但在某些情况下部分共同犯罪人是放任其危害结果发生。
二、犯罪的客观方面,必须有共同的犯罪行为。
数个共同犯罪人的行为指向同一犯罪对象,行为之间客观联系、相互配合,在数量上叠加,在质量上递增,成为一个统一犯罪活动的整体;在造成危害结果的情况下各人行为与危害结果之间有因果关系。
三、犯罪主体,必须是二个以上的达到法定责任年龄、具有刑事责任能力的自然人或单位。
上述这一看似确定明晰、严密无懈的传统共同犯罪理论,适用于纷繁复杂的司法实践,却不无疏漏欠缺之处,亟需补充、完善。下举一例予以说明:某乙获悉某甲准备窃取某丙随身携带的巨款,便在暗地里帮助某甲,某乙在某丙喝的饮料中偷偷地掺入安眠药物,某丙饮后陷入沉睡状态,从而使得某甲顺利地完成盗窃巨款行为。本案中某甲虽不知乙的暗中帮助,与乙亦无主观犯意联络,然甲已构成盗窃罪无疑。问题在于对于某乙的行为是否属于共同犯罪,可否以共同盗窃罪予以处罚 ?按照现有的共同犯罪理论分析本案,对上述二点的回答无疑均是否定的。因为甲、乙二人行为在客观上虽有联系配合,主观上却无共同故意,甲、乙之间并无主观故意的双向联络和沟通。就甲而言,根本不知道,而且也没有与乙共同犯罪的故意,这样乙用安眠药使丙沉睡的行为,虽然基于共同盗窃的心理,但并没有盗窃犯罪客观要件中的盗窃行为,无法直接适用盗窃罪名。除此之外似乎也没有其它合适的罪名,这等于是放纵了某乙的犯罪行为。
笔者以为:共同犯罪理论(或称共犯形态理论)既然是刑法上专条规定的, 他就不仅仅是对单纯的典型化的客观事物的反映, 而必须体现出立法机关对客观事物的立场观点和价值判断,体现统治阶级的意志、利益和刑事政策。简而言之, 刑法理论应服务于刑事司法实践,指导性地解决各种司法实践问题。 法网虽疏却不应有漏洞。现有传统的共同犯罪理论的一个重大疏漏之处,在于否定了片面共犯学说, 不承认片面共犯也是共同犯罪的一种。
片面共犯是相对于普通的典型的双面共同犯罪而言的,在普通共同犯罪中, 各共同犯罪人之间存在着相互意思联络,如张三知道李四与自己一起共同盗窃,李四也知道张三与自己一起去盗窃,绝大多数的共同犯罪都属于这种情况。因而被称为普通共同犯罪。而所谓片面共犯,又称一方的共犯,或称单方意志的共同犯罪,是指一方行为人明知他人正在犯罪而暗中参与犯罪,并不为他人知情的一种特殊的共同犯罪形态。大陆法系的刑法理论将之与全面的彼此的共同犯罪相对,称为片面共犯,以此区别明显的典型意义构成的共犯。而在英美法系的刑法学理论中,被称为“潜在的同谋犯”。遗憾的是长期以来,片面共犯作为一种客观存在的犯罪现象,却不为我国刑法学界所重视。通行的观点大抵是,不加深究地予以否定,仅有的探讨文章在汗牛充栋的刑法理论著述中,却是寥若晨星般的稀少。
笔者认为,片面共犯应当也必须属于共同犯罪范畴, 这不仅因为片面共犯完全符合我国刑法典关于共同犯罪的明文规定, 而且由于片面共犯的行为完全具备共同犯罪的成立要件。
第一,从犯罪的主观方面看,片面共犯人认识到自己是与他人协同( 确切地说大多数情况下是片面共犯人配合他人)实施犯罪,不仅认识到自己的行为将导致的危害社会的结果,也认识到自己行为与他人行为将共同造成危害社会的结果,并希望这种结果发生,故具有共同犯罪的故意。
第二,从犯罪的客观方面来看, 片面共犯人不仅自己实施了危害社会的结果,而且将自己行为与他人的危害行为融为一体,共同作用于某种犯罪对象,导致发生危害社会的结果,行为人的行为与最终发生的危害结果之间有刑法上的因果关系,即行为的致果性是共同的,虽然就共同犯罪而言,其他犯罪人并不知情也不知道有人配合自己进行了犯罪,但是片面共犯人则完全符合共同犯罪构成要件,应当属于共同犯罪,我们没有任何理由将片面共犯摒弃于共同犯罪的大门之外。
第三,从司法实践来看,任何法学理论及研究均应能服务于执法工作,正确地指导司法实践,倘若否定片面共犯是共同犯罪,这势必割裂了片面共犯与其所配合的犯罪行为的联系,不仅对片面共犯的处理成为一个难题,如上例中对乙的处理问题。而且在某些情况下还会对相对的犯罪人的定性产生偏差。例二,某甲知晓某乙想刺杀某丙,某甲并且知道以某乙的身手难以轻易刺杀得逞, 便暗地在某乙的刀上涂上毒药,希望籍此杀死某丙,果然,某乙刺中某丙(刀伤部位不足以致命)后,某丙落荒而逃,途中毒发身亡。如果将某乙单独定罪,只能是杀人未遂(手段不能犯);同理如果将某甲单独治罪,至多不过是杀人未遂(对象不能犯,在否认片面共犯的传统理论下,某甲能否构罪也是问题)。但是,某甲以其的刀口涂毒行为与某乙的刺杀行为相互配合,确已造成某丙的死亡,倘若在司法实践中,采用否定片面共犯的刑法理论指导,由于割裂甲、乙二人的行为及犯意相互共性,只能从实用主义角度出发,对个人的各自行为分别予以评价判断,就会作出与客观事实相悖的定性判断,也会找不到给予相应刑事处罚的法律依据。 从而放纵那些虽然没有直接实施犯罪(不是独立的实行正犯), 却在暗地里通过组织、 唆使或者帮助行为,配合他人犯罪从而达到自己犯罪目的的犯罪份子。所以, 只有承认片面共犯是共同犯罪的一种形态,才能根据共同犯罪的责任处理原则,把某甲的刀口涂毒行为与某乙的刀刺某丙行为有机地结合起来,从而使甲、乙二人得到应有的处罚。 在本案例中,某甲主观上有明确的杀人故意,客观上,某甲刀口涂毒的行为,是造成丙死亡结果的直接的主要的原因,而乙持刀刺丙,是造成丙死亡的原因中一个不可缺少的关键环节,二者行为相互协同,共同作用于某丙,造成致死某丙的社会危害结果。这里某甲的行为属片面共犯,按片面共犯的理论,某甲应当按共同杀人(既遂)罪论处,由于乙不具有与甲共同犯罪故意,故某乙仍应按单独杀人犯罪(未遂)论处。
所以说,要全面准确地把握共同犯罪理论,就必须肯定片面共犯学说,唯有如此,才能使现行共同犯罪理论臻于完善,更具可操作性。作为共同犯罪特殊形态的片面共犯,与普通的共同犯罪的区别,主要有以下几点:第一点,就犯意的联络方式来看,片面共犯的犯罪意图联络是单方向的,即一部分人在知晓他人实施犯罪的情况,也暗中参与、帮助其完成犯罪行为,而另一部分人仍按自己方式完成犯罪行为,而对别人的参与浑然不知。这种行为人之间仅具单方认识的片面共同故意,并非没有主观犯意联络,而只是主观联络方式的特殊性,即单向性。第二点,普通共同犯罪中的犯意联络形式,可以是直接故意构成,也可以是间接故意构成;而对片面共犯来说,一般只能是由直接故意构成,片面共犯是一厢情愿式地参与并实施犯罪,其目的是促就犯罪行为得逞。第三点,片面共犯只存在于利用其他实行犯进行犯罪的情形,故其仅是作为犯罪才能构成,而且范围窄于普通共同犯罪,我国刑法把共同犯罪人分主犯(首要分子、组织犯)、从犯、胁从犯、教唆犯, 片面共犯人不包括实行的正犯(主犯)。
通过对上面片面共犯问题的简要论述,无疑有助于我们更准确、 更全面地把握共同犯罪(包括片面共犯)的犯罪构成,明确了共同犯罪(包括片面共犯)的犯罪构成就能了解共同犯罪形态的完整结构,从而理解他内部诸要素的结合方式,进一步认识共同犯罪中各个主体之间以及他们侵害客体犯罪活动的主观方面和客观方面的诸要素之间相对稳定、相互联系、相互作用的方式。下面为笔者据本文所拟共同犯罪形态分类图:



一九九八年八月十日
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关于做好《餐饮服务许可证》启用及发放工作的通知

国家食品药品监督管理局


关于做好《餐饮服务许可证》启用及发放工作的通知

国食药监许[2009]257号

                                
各省、自治区、直辖市卫生厅(局)、食品药品监督管理局:

  依据《食品安全法》,自2009年6月1日起启用《餐饮服务许可证》。现就许可证的启用及发放事项通知如下:

  一、自2009年6月1日起,对餐饮服务经营者申请新发、变更、延续、补发许可证的,各级餐饮服务监管部门应当严格按照《食品安全法》的要求,核发《餐饮服务许可证》。餐饮服务经营者在2009年6月1日前已经取得《食品卫生许可证》的,该许可证在有效期内继续有效,有效期届满,按有关规定换发《餐饮服务许可证》。

  二、国家食品药品监督管理局目前正在抓紧制定《餐饮服务许可管理办法》及其相关配套规定,在该办法出台之前,请各级餐饮服务监管部门严格依照《食品安全法》、国务院有关行政法规及卫生部关于餐饮业食品卫生监管条件和程序的规定,实施餐饮服务许可工作。

  三、餐饮服务许可按餐饮服务经营者的业态和规模实施分类管理。分类方式如下:
  (一)餐馆(含酒家、酒楼、酒店、饭庄等):是指以饭菜(包括中餐、西餐、日餐、韩餐等)为主要经营项目的单位,包括火锅店、烧烤店等。
  1.特大型餐馆:是指经营场所使用面积在3000㎡以上(不含3000㎡),或者就餐座位数在1000座以上(不含1000座)的餐馆。
  2.大型餐馆:是指经营场所使用面积在500~3000㎡(不含500㎡,含3000㎡),或者就餐座位数在250~1000座(不含250座,含1000座)的餐馆。
  3.中型餐馆:是指经营场所使用面积在150~500㎡(不含150㎡,含500㎡),或者就餐座位数在75~250座(不含75座,含250座)的餐馆。
  4.小型餐馆:是指经营场所使用面积在150㎡以下(含150㎡),或者就餐座位数在75人以下(含75座)以下的餐馆。
  如面积与就餐座位数分属两类的,餐馆类别以其中规模较大者计。
  (二)快餐店:是指以集中加工配送、当场分餐食用并快速提供就餐服务为主要加工供应形式的单位。
  (三)小吃店:是指以点心、小吃为主要经营项目的单位。
  (四)饮品店:是指以供应酒类、咖啡、茶水或者饮料为主的单位。
  (五)食堂:是指设于机关、学校、企事业单位、工地等地点(场所),供内部职工、学生等就餐的单位。

  四、《餐饮服务许可证》应当载明单位名称、地址、法定代表人(负责人或业主)、类别、许可证号、发证机关(加盖公章)、发证日期、有效期限及备注等内容。《餐饮服务许可证》式样有关问题的说明和填写指南见附件1、2。

  五、各级餐饮服务监管部门要依照《食品安全法》要求和本省(区、市)餐饮服务监管部门的有关规定,依法加强本辖区餐饮服务许可工作,严格按本通知要求的式样、内容印制和核发《餐饮服务许可证》,做到餐饮服务许可工作有序开展、依法公正。

  六、食品摊贩从事餐饮服务经营活动,按照《食品安全法》有关规定执行。


  附件:1.《餐饮服务许可证》式样有关问题的说明(略)
     2.《餐饮服务许可证》填写指南(略)


                            国家食品药品监督管理局
                            二○○九年五月二十二日



MERCHANT SHIPPING (REGISTRATION) ORDINANCE

Hong Kong


MERCHANT SHIPPING (REGISTRATION) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 415)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion.
  
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
  
  II    ADMINISTRATION
  egistrar of Ships
  nstructions
  rotection of public officers
  
  III   THE REGISTER
  egister of ships
  nspection, etc. of register
  ectification of register
  Correction of clerical errors in register
  
  IV    REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
  
  strable ships and interests
  Registrable ships
  Registration of property in ships
  
  urement and identification of ships
  Tonnage regulations
  Tonnage and description of ships
  Tonnage of ships registered, etc. outside Hong Kong
  Ship names regulations
  Rules as to ship names
  Marking of ship
  
  stration procedures
  Application for registration
  Declarations by and on behalf of owners and demise charterers
  Evidence on first registration
  Refusal of registration
  Entry of particulars in the register
  Certificate of registry
  Retention of documents
  Port of registry
  
  isional registration
  Application for provisional registration
  Entry of particulars in the register on provisional registration
  Period of provisional registration
  Certificate of provisional registration
  Retention of documents on provisional registration
  Application of Ordinance in relation to ships provisionally
registered
  
  etc. of certificates and flags
  Custody of certificate
  Use of improper certificate
  Replacement of lost, etc. certificate
  Application of preceding sections to certificate of provisional
  registry
  Proper colours
  
  V    TRANSFERS AND TRANSMISSIONS
  Application and interpretation of Part V
  Transfer of ships
  Declaration of transfer
  Registration of transfer
  Transmission of ship by operation of law
  
  VI    MORTGAGES
  Definitions in Part VI
  Mortgage of ship
  Priority of mortgages, etc.
  Mortgagee not treated as owner
  Mortgagee to have power of disposal
  Transfer of mortgage
  Transmission of mortgage by operation of law
  Discharge of mortgage
  Power of disposal by owner
  Trusts not recognized
  Equities not excluded
  
  VII   CLOSURE OF REGISTRATION
  
  es of owners, etc. in relation to registrability of ships
  Notice of change of address, etc. of owner
  Notice of dissolution, etc. of body corporate owner or charterer
  Notice of termination of demise charter
  Notice of loss, transfer, etc. of ship
  Delivery of foreign certificate of deletion
  
  ure of registration
  Owner seeking closure of registration
  Closure on receipt of notice concerning registrability
  Closure on failure to comply with requirements of Ordinance
  Closure on failure to pay fees or charges
  Closure on failure of representative person to act, etc.
  Closure by direction generally
  Issue of certificate of deletion
  Delivery of certificate of registry on closure
  Register entries relating to mortgages
  
  VIII   REPRESENTATIVE PERSONS
  Representative person
  Notice of change of business by representative person
  Notice of intention to cease acting
  Duties, etc. of representative person
  Notice to replace representative person
  
  IX    GOVERNMENT SHIPS
  Meaning of "Government ship"
  Registrability of Government ships
  Application for registration of Government ship
  Entry of particulars of Government ship in the register
  Certificate of registry of Government ship
  Retention of documents relating to Government ship
  Transfer of registered Government ship
  Application of Ordinance to Government ships
  
  X    MISCELLANEOUS
  Alterations to ships
  Registration a new
  Grant of new certificate of registry
  Mode of making declarations
  Power of Registrar to dispense with declarations, etc.
  False declarations or information
  Documents, copies and admissibility in evidence
  Service of documents
  Taking detained ship to sea
  Fees and charges regulations
  References to ship registered in Hong Kong
  Amendment of Schedules
  Time limit for criminal proceedings
  
  XI    TRANSITIONAL SHIPS
  Interpretation of Part XI
  Ships registered under the Act
  Ships not yet registered under the Act
  Entry of particulars in respect of transitional ships
  Certificate of registry for transitional ships
  Retention of documents for transitional ships
  Return of certificates issued under the Act
  Transitional ship ceasing to be registrable
  Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
  
  XII   CONSEQUENTIAL AND SAVINGS PROVISIONS
  Application of Merchant Shipping Acts
  Savings, amendments and repeals
  
  dule 1. Proper colours of a registered ship
  dule 2. Specified Ordinances
  dule 3. Application of Ordinance to Government ships
  dule 4. Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
  dule 5. Amendments and repeals
  
  rdinance to provide for the registration of ships in Hong Kong
and for
  ted matters.
  ecember 1990] L. N. 366 of 1990
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping 
(Registration)
  nance.
  
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires-
  horized surveyor" means a surveyor appointed by a Certifying
Authority
  rred to in section 13 for the purposes of the tonnage regulations;
  lder's certificate" in relation to a ship, means a certificate 
signed
  he builder of the ship and containing a true account of-
  the proper denomination and tonnage of the ship, as estimated by
him;
  the date when and place where the ship was built; and
  the name of the person on whose account the ship was built;
  tificate of deletion" means a certificate of deletion issued 
under
  ion 65; "certificate of provisional registry" means a 
certificate of
  isional registry granted under section 30 and a new 
certificate of
  isional registry granted under section 35;
  tificate of registry" means a certificate of registry granted 
under
  ion 24, 77 or 98 and a new certificate of registry granted 
under
  ion 35 or 83; "certificate of survey" means a certificate 
granted by
  uthorized surveyor under section 14;
  tificate or declaration of marking", in relation to a ship, means-
  a certificate signed by an authorized surveyor; or
  a declaration made in Hong Kong by one or more of the owners or
by the
  se charterer of the ship,
  ifying or declaring, as the case may be, that the ship's name and
port
  egistry have been marked as directed by the Registrar;
  mencement date" means the date appointed by the Governor under
section
  ) for the coming into operation of this Ordinance;
  ise charter" means a charter party by which a ship is chartered
or let
  emise and under which the demise charterer has the possession of 
the
  and has sole control of all matters relating to the navigation 
and
  ation of the ship including employment of the master and crew;
"demise
  terer" means the charterer of a ship under a demise charter, 
and in
  tion to a registered or provisionally registered ship means a 
person
  stered as demise charterer under this Ordinance;
  ector" means the Director of Marine;
  eign certificate of deletion", in relation to a ship, 
means a
  ificate or other document issued by the relevant authority of a 
place
  ide Hong Kong and certifying or stating, as the case may be, to 
the
  ct that the ship has been deleted from the register of ships in 
that
  e;
  ernment" means the Government of Hong Kong;
  ntity card", in relation to any person, means an identity card 
issued
  hat person under the Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap.
177);
  tructions" means administrative instructions issued by the 
Director
  r section 5; "lodged" means delivered to and accepted by the
Registrar
  ccordance with this Ordinance;
  ter" includes every person (except a pilot) having command or 
charge
  ny ship;
  er", in relation to a registered or provisionally registered 
ship,
  s a person registered as owner under this Ordinance; 
"provisionally
  stered", in relation to a ship, means provisionally registered 
under
  ion 28;
  
  lified person" has the meaning assigned to it by section 11 (4);
  ister" means the register of ships kept under section 7;
  istered", in relation to a ship, means registered 
under  this
  nance;
  istrable", in relation to a ship, means able to be registered 
under
  Ordinance;
  Registrar" means any person appointed as a Registrar of Ships 
under
  ion 4 (1) and, where the term is used in connection with a power 
or
  tion for the time being exercised by the Director pursuant to 
section
  ), includes the Director;
  resentative person", in relation to a ship, means the 
representative
  on for the time being appointed in relation to the ship under 
section
  
  p" means, subject to section 3, every description of vessel
capable of
  gating in water not propelled by oars, and includes any ship, boat 
or
  t and an air-cushion vehicle or similar craft used wholly or
partly in
  gation in water; "tonnage regulations" means regulations as 
to the
  age of ships made under section 13.
  Where in relation to a ship or to any matter connected with a ship
any
  ision of this Ordinance-
  imposes a duty or liability on either of the owner or demise
charterer
  he ship; or
  provides for the service of notice on either of the owner or 
demise
  terer of the ship, the provision shall be construed as imposing 
the
  or liability or providing for the service of notice-
  in the case of a ship registered or to be registered by 
virtue of
  ion 11 (1) (a), on the owner; or
  in the case of a ship registered or to be registered by virtue 
of
  ion 11 (1) (b), on the demise charterer, but nothing 
in this
  ection shall prejudice or affect the operation of that provision
in so
  as it imposes the duty or liability, or provides for the 
service of
  ce, as the case may be, on any person other than the owner or 
demise
  terer.
  pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
  Director may by notice published in the Gazette provide that a 
thing
  gned or adapted for use at sea and described in the notice is 
or is
  to be treated as a ship for the purpose of any provision of 
this
  nance specified in the notice, and any such notice may-
  make different provision in relation to different occasions; and
  if it provides that a thing is to be treated as a ship for the
purpose
  provision specified in the notice, provide that the provision 
shall
  effect in relation to the craft with such modifications as 
are so
  ified.
 PART II ADMINISTRATION
  
  egistrar of Ships
  The Director shall in writing appoint one or more public 
officers to
  egistrars of Ships.
  The Registrar shall have such powers, functions and duties 
as are
  erred or imposed upon him by this Ordinance or any other law.
  Without prejudice to subsection (2), the Director shall have and 
may
  cise the powers and functions of the Registrar referred to in 
that
  ection.
  nstructions
  The Director may issue to the Registrar and to other public 
officers
  administrative instructions not inconsistent with this 
Ordinance as
  appear to him to be necessary or expedient for the better carrying
out
  he provisions of this Ordinance.
  The Director shall publish such instructions in such manner as
he sees
  
  Where in this Ordinance there is reference to a specified 
form or
  er-
  that form or manner may be specified by the Director in 
instructions;
  
  if the instructions so provide, deviations from the specified
form or
  er not affecting the substance thereof shall not invalidate that 
form
  anner.
  The Registrar and any other public officer shall comply 
with any
  ructions issued to him.
  rotection of public officers
  No public officer shall be personally liable for any damage,
injury or
  suffered or incurred by any person as a result of any act done 
or
  sion made by the public officer in good faith in the 
exercise or
  ormance or purported exercise or performance of any power,
function or
  under this Ordinance.
  The protection conferred on public officers by subsection 
(1) in
  ect of any act or omission shall not in any way affect any 
liability
  he Crown in tort for that act or omission.
 PART III THE REGISTER
  
  egister of ships
  The Registrar shall keep a register of ships 
registered  or
  isionally registered under this Ordinance.
  The register shall contain such particulars in respect of 
ships,
  rs and their respective interests in ships, demise 
charterers,
  gagees and representative persons as are prescribed.
  The register may be kept in legible or non-legible form but if
kept in
  legible form any entry in the register shall be capable of 
being
  oduced in legible form.
  
  nspection, etc. of register
  person may, on payment of the prescribed fee-
  inspect the register in legible form;
  require to be furnished with a copy of, or extract from, any entry 
in
  register in legible form; or
  require such copy or extract to be certified as a true copy by 
or on
  lf of the Registrar.
  ectification of register
  Where it appears to any person interested that there is a 
material
  r in the register, he may apply in writing to the 
Director for
  ification of the register.
  Upon receipt of an application under subsection (1) the Director 
may,
  n his opinion there is a material error in the register-
  direct the Registrar to rectify the register; or
  subject to subsection (3), require the applicant to apply to the 
High
  t for rectification of the register.
  Subsection (2) (b) shall not apply in any case where, in the 
opinion
  he Director, the material error is due to the negligence or wilful
act
  mission of the Registrar.
  Notice of an application to the High Court under this 
section for
  ification shall be served by the applicant on the Director 
and the
  ctor may appear and be heard in the proceedings.
  The High Court may, in proceedings under this section-
  make such order as it thinks fit concerning the rectification of 
the
  ster; and
  decide any question that it is necessary or expedient to 
decide
  erning such rectification.
  A copy of an order under subsection (5) shall be served 
on the
  ctor and the Registrar.
  The Registrar shall-
  comply with any direction to rectify the register under
subsection (2)
  
  upon receipt of the copy of an order served under subsection (6), 
and
  he order so requires, rectify the register accordingly.
  For the purposes of this section-
  there is a material error in the register if there is an error
of fact
  ubstance in the register;
  without limiting the generality of paragraph (a), there is a 
material
  r in the register if-
  an entry is omitted from the register;
  an entry is made in the register without sufficient cause;
  ) an entry wrongly exists in the register; or
  there is an error or defect in an entry in the register; and
  the reference in paragraph (b) (i) to an entry omitted 
from the
  ster shall be read as including a reference to a matter 
that is
  ired or permitted by this Ordinance to be entered, or to remain, 
in
  register but is not entered in, or is removed from, the register.
  The jurisdiction of the High Court under this section may be
exercised
  he Registrar of the Supreme Court or a Master thereof.
  Correction of clerical errors in register
  Registrar may correct, or cause to be corrected, any clerical
error or
  ous mistake in the register.
 PART IV REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
  
 Registrable ships and interests
  
  Registrable ships
  Subject to this Ordinance, a ship is registrable if-
  a majority interest in the ship is owned by one or more 
qualified
  ons; or
  the ship is operated under a demise charter by a body corporate 
being
  alified person (whether or not a majority interest in the 
ship is
  d by one or more qualified persons), and a representative 
person is
  inted in relation to the ship.
  A registered ship ceases to be registrable if-
  being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1) (a), a 
majority
  rest in the ship ceases to be owned by one or more qualified
persons;
  being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1) (b)--
  the ship ceases to be operated under a demise charter by 
a body
  orate being a qualified person (whether by reason of the 
termination
  he demise charter or otherwise);
  the ship or any share in or part of the ship is 
transferred or
  smitted; or
  ) the rights of the demise charterer under the demise 
charter are
  gned;
  the ship is taken in war or hostilities, as a result of which 
the
  r or demise charterer has lost control over the operation of the
ship;

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